Mishnayos Kiddushin Perek 1 Mishnah 6
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קידושין פרק א׳ משנה ו׳
The mishna discusses a transaction involving the barter of two items. With regard to all items used as monetary value for another item, i.e., instead of a buyer paying money to the seller, they exchange items of value with each other, once one party in the transaction acquires the item he is receiving, this party is obligated with regard to the item being exchanged for it. Therefore, if it is destroyed or lost, he incurs the loss. How so? If one exchanges an ox for a cow, or a donkey for an ox, once this party acquires the animal that he is receiving, this party is obligated with regard to the item being exchanged for it. The authority of the Temple treasury effects acquisition by means of money to the seller. And the authority, i.e., the mode of acquisition, of a commoner [hedyot] is by possession. Furthermore, one’s declaration to the Most High, i.e., when one consecrates an item through speech, is equivalent to transferring an item to a common person, and the item is acquired by the Temple treasury through his mere speech.
כָּל הַנַּעֲשֶׂה דָמִים בְּאַחֵר, כֵּיוָן שֶׁזָּכָה זֶה, נִתְחַיֵּב זֶה בַחֲלִיפָיו. כֵּיצַד. הֶחֱלִיף שׁוֹר בְּפָרָה אוֹ חֲמוֹר בְּשׁוֹר, כֵּיוָן שֶׁזָּכָה זֶה, נִתְחַיֵּב זֶה בַחֲלִיפָיו. רְשׁוּת הַגָּבוֹהַּ, בְּכֶסֶף, וּרְשׁוּת הַהֶדְיוֹט, בַּחֲזָקָה. אֲמִירָתוֹ לַגָּבוֹהַּ, כִּמְסִירָתוֹ לַהֶדְיוֹט:
Bartenura
כל הנעשה דמים באחר. מפרש בגמרא כל הנישום דמים באחר, כל דבר שאם בא לתתו דמים באחר צריך לשומו, דהיינו כל מטלטלין בר ממטבע:
כיון שזכה זה. כלומר כיון שמשך האחד נתחייב האחר בחליפין בכ״מ שהם, אם מתו או אבדו ואע״פ שלא משך, לפי שבמשיכת המוכר את הסודר או את החפץ, נקנה המקח ללוקח בכ״מ שהוא. ואע״פ שאין בחפץ שקונים בו שוה פרוטה. ובלבד שלא יהיה מטבע או פירות, שאלו אין קונין בהם. וכל הדברים נקנים בחליפין, מטלטלין עבדים וקרקעות. חוץ מהמטבע שאינו נקנה בחליפין, משום דדעתיה דאינש אצורתא דמטבע לא על גופיה, וצורתא עבידא דבטלה. לפיכך אם לקח אדם מטבע בלא משקל ובלא מנין, ואמר אלו חלופי שדה פלונית, או עבד פלוני, או חפץ פלוני, כיון שמשך זה, נתחייב האחר בחליפיו, דהא גלי דעתיה דלאו אצורתא קפיד הואיל ולא שקל ולא מנה. ואין שום דרך שיועיל בקניית המטבע היכא דליתיה בעיניה, אלא להקנותו אגב קרקע:
רשות הגבוה בכסף. גזבר שנתן מעות בבהמה לצורך הקדש, אפילו היא בסוף העולם, קנה. ובהדיוט לא קנה אלא בחזקה, כלומר עד שימשוך. ואם נתן ההדיוט דמים על החפץ, כל זמן שלא משך החפץ לא קנה, ומחזיר המוכר את הדמים אם חוזר בו ממכירת החפץ, וצריך לקבל עליו מי שפרע. אבל אם משך הלוקח החפץ, אע״פ שעדיין לא נתן הדמים שהתנה, אין שום אחד מהם יכול לחזור בו. ואם לא נתן דמים ולא משך החפץ, אלא שנתפשרו על המקח בפני עדים ונתרצה זה שיקנה בכך וכך, ונתרצה חבירו למכור בכך ובכך, אפילו אמר אתם עדי אין באלה הדברים כלום, ואפילו מי שפרע אין כאן:
אמירתו לגבוה כמסירתו להדיוט. האומר שור זה עולה, בית זה הקדש, אפילו בסוף העולם, קנה. ובהדיוט לא קנה עד שימשוך בבהמה, ויחזיק בבית:
כל הנעשה דמים באחר – The Gemara explains (Kiddushin 28a-b): whatever is assessed as an equivalent (i.e., an exchange is meant and not a sale for cash), [for] anything – if one comes to give him money for another thing, must assess its value, that is, all the movables except for coins.
כיון שזכה זה – that is to say, once the first [person] pulls, the second is obligated for an exchange (I.e., a form of possession by handing to the purchaser an object as a symbolical substitute), in every place that they are, and if they died or lost it, and even though he had not pulled, since through the pulling by the seller of the scarf or the object, the object is acquired by the purchaser in whatever place he is in. And even though the object that they are purchasing is not worth at least a penny, and as long as it is not a coin or produce, with these – we do not acquire through them. And all things are acquired by exchange – movables, slaves and property, except for coinage which is not acquired through exchange, since the minds of people are [focused] on the form of the coin and not on its substance. For its form is likely to become nullified. Therefore, if a person purchased a coin without weight or without number, and said: “these are in exchange for a certain field,” or a certain slave, or a certain object, since this one pulled it, the other is liable in its exchange, for he has revealed his thought that he is not strict about its form since he didn’t weigh it or count it. For there is no way that the acquisition of the coin will take effect where it is lacking in his eyes, other than to acquire it along with land.
רשות הגבוה בכסף – the treasurer who gave monies for the animal for the needs of the Temple treasury, even if it is at the end of the world, he has acquired it. But regarding a commoner who cannot acquire other than through claim based upon undisturbed possession, that is until he pulls it. And if the commoner gave money for the object, as long as he didn’t pull the object, he did not acquire it, and the seller can return the monies if he retracts from the sale of the object, and he accepts upon himself [the curse] of “he who punished” ( see Mishnah Bava Metzia, Chapter 4, Mishnah 2) (for not standing by his word). But if the purchaser pulled the object, even though he had not given the monies that he had stipulated, neither party of them can retract. And if he did not give the monies and did not pull the object, but rather, were pardoned on the sale in the presence of witnesses and he (i.e., the purchaser) was reconciled that her would purchase it for such-and-such an amount, and his fellow was reconciled to sell it for such-and-such an amount, even if he said: “you are my witnesses,” there is nothing in those words, and even [the curse] “he who punished” (for not standing by his word) is not here.
אמירתו לגבוה כמסירתו להדיוט – He who says: “This bull is for a burnt-offering” or “this house is devoted to the Temple treasury, even if it is at the end of the world, he has acquired it. And the common person does not acquire until he pulls the animal’ and takes hold of the house.