Mishnayos Kerisos Perek 1 Mishnah 2
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כריתות פרק א׳ משנה ב׳
For any of these prohibitions, one is liable to receive karet for its intentional violation and to bring a sin offering for its unwitting violation. And for their violation in a case where it is unknown to him whether or not he transgressed, he is liable to bring a provisional guilt offering, which provides provisional atonement until he discovers whether or not he transgressed. This is the halakha for all of the transgressions listed above except for one who defiles the Temple, i.e., he enters the Temple while ritually impure, or partakes of its consecrated items while ritually impure. In these cases he does not bring a provisional guilt offering because he is obligated to bring a sliding-scale offering for a definite transgression. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: The halakha is the same even with regard to the one who blasphemes, as it is stated with regard to the sin offering: “You shall have one law for him who performs the action unwittingly” (Numbers 15:29), excluding one who blasphemes, as he does not perform an action but sins with speech.
עַל אֵלּוּ חַיָּבִים עַל זְדוֹנָם כָּרֵת, וְעַל שִׁגְגָתָם חַטָּאת, וְעַל לֹא הוֹדַע שֶׁלָּהֶן אָשָׁם תָּלוּי, חוּץ מִן הַמְטַמֵּא מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו, מִפְנֵי שֶׁהוּא בְעוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אַף הַמְגַדֵּף, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו), תּוֹרָה אַחַת יִהְיֶה לָכֶם לָעֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה, יָצָא מְגַדֵּף, שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂה:
Bartenura
ועל שגגתן חטאת. שגגה שחייבים עליה חטאת היא, כגון הבא על אחת מן העריות כסבור שהיא אשתו, והעובד עבודה זרה שמשתחוה לה כסבור זיבוח וקיטור וניסוך אסרה תורה ולא השתחויה, והמחלל את השבת כסבור חול הוא, וכן כל כיוצא בזה שיודע בעיקר האיסור אלא שנעלם ממנו זה המעשה שעושה. אבל האומר מותר לגמרי, דעוקר כל הגוף, כגון האומר אין שבת בתורה, אין עבודה זרה בתורה, לא שוגג הוא זה אלא אנוס גמור הוא ופטור:
לא הודע. כגון שני זיתים אחד של חלב ואחד של שומן, אכל אחד מהם ואינו יודע איזה מהן אכל. אשתו ואחותו עמו במטה, בא על אחת מהן ואינו יודע על איזו מהן בא:
אשם תלוי. לפי שבא על הספק קרוי אשם תלוי, שתולה ומגין עליו מן היסורים, ואינו מכפר, שאם נודע אליו אח״כ בבירור שחטא, מביא חטאת קבועה:
המטמא מקדש וקדשיו. שנכנס למקדש כשהוא טמא, או אכל קדשים בטומאה:
מפני שהוא בעולה ויורד. ואין אשם תלוי בא אלא על דבר שזדונו כרת ושגגתו חטאת קבועה, והאי הואיל ושגגתו בעולה ויורד, אין בלא הודע שלו אשם תלוי:
אף המגדף. אין מביאין על שגגתו חטאת, ועל לא הודע שלו נמי אין חייבים אשם תלוי. דרחמנא אמר גבי חטאת, לעושה בשגגה, פרט למגדף שאין בו מעשה. והלכה כחכמים:
ועל שגגתן חטאת – an inadvertent [act] that we are liable for it a sin-offering, as, for example, a person who comes upon one of those forbidden on account of consanguinity thinking that she is his wife, and/or the person who practices idol worship by prostrating to it, thinking that the Torah forbad [only] slaughtering of a sacrifice, offering incense and the act of libation, but not prostration, and/or a person who violates the Sabbath thinking that it was a weekday, and similarly, anything similar to this that he knows the essence of the prohibition but that this act that he was doing was hidden from him [that it is forbidden]. But the person who says that it is completely permitted, that uproots the body, as for example, who states that there is no Shabbat in the Torah, that idolatry is not forbidden in the Torah, this one is not acting inadvertently, but rather he is the victim of an accident/is the victim of an unavoidable accident and he is exempt [from a sin offering].
לא הודע (it is not made known, conscious) – as, for example, two olives, one of forbidden fat and one of permitted fat, he ate one of them and does not know which of them he ate; [and/or] his wife and his his sister are with him in bed and he has comes upon one of them [for sexual relations] and he doesn’t know upon which of them he came.
אשם תלוי (uncertain guilt offering) – because he comes on a doubt, which is called, an uncertain guilt offering, that suspends and protects him from the suffering/trials, and does not atone, but if became known to him afterwards with certainty that he had sinned, he brings the regular sin-offering.
המטמא מקדש וקדשיו – that he enters into the Temple when he is [ritually] impure or [as a Kohen] eats Holy Things while in a state of impurity.
מפני שהוא בעולה ויורד (sliding-scale offering – for entering the Temple or partaking of sacrifices while ritually impure) – but the guilt offering does not come other than a matter where its willful violation is [punishable] by extirpation and its inadvertent [sin] is through a fixed sin-offering, but this, since his inadvertent act is with a sliding scale offering (i.e., the rich bring a a sacrifice from the sheep and the poor brings either two doves or two pigeons – see Leviticus 5:2-11), there isn’t through his lack of awareness a guilt offering.
אף המגדף – we don’t bring on his inadvertent sin a sin offering, and on his not being aware, also, he is not liable for a guilt offering, for the Merciful stated regarding a sin-offering (Numbers 15:29): “[You shall have one law for him] that does anything unwittingly,” except for one who blasphemes, which does not have an action. And the Halakah is according to the Sages.