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Perek 13

Mishnayos Zevachim Perek 13 Mishnah 2

זבחים פרק י"ג משנה ב׳

2
One who is ritually impure who ate sacrificial food, whether it was ritually impure sacrificial food or ritually pure sacrificial food, is liable to receive karet if he did so intentionally and to bring a sliding-scale offering if he did so unwittingly. Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says: An impure person who ate pure sacrificial food is liable. But an impure person who ate impure sacrificial food is exempt, as he merely ate an impure item, and the prohibition against eating sacrificial food while one is impure applies only to pure sacrificial food. The Rabbis said to him: According to your logic, this halakha would apply even in a case of an impure person who ate what had been pure sacrificial food, because once he touched it, he thereby rendered it ritually impure. Yet, in such a case, he is certainly liable for eating it. So too, an impure person who ate impure sacrificial food is liable. And a pure person who ate impure sacrificial food is exempt, as one is liable for eating sacrificial food in impurity only due to the impurity of one’s body, but not due to the impurity of the food.

טָמֵא שֶׁאָכַל, בֵּין קֹדֶשׁ טָמֵא וּבֵין קֹדֶשׁ טָהוֹר, חַיָּב. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר, טָמֵא שֶׁאָכַל טָהוֹר, חַיָּב. וְטָמֵא שֶׁאָכַל טָמֵא, פָּטוּר, שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל אֶלָּא דָבָר טָמֵא. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אַף טָמֵא שֶׁאָכַל טָהוֹר, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנָּגַע בּוֹ, טִמְּאָהוּ. וְטָהוֹר שֶׁאָכַל טָמֵא, פָּטוּר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַיָּב אֶלָּא עַל טֻמְאַת הַגּוּף:

ב׳

טמא שאכל כו' – because Rabbi Yossi Haglili and the Rabbis disagree on both of them and these two disputes are similar to each other, they taught them [in the Mishnah] together.

רבי יוסי הגלילי אומר וכו' – when the body became ritually defiled and afterwards the meat became ritually defiled, no one disagrees that he is liable for extirpation. What they do dispute is when the meat [first] becomes ritually defiled and afterwards the body becomes defiled. The Rabbis have an inclusive prohibition (i.e., an exception to the principle that one prohibition does not take effect upon another; the second prohibition takes effect if it is a more comprehensive prohibition), for since the prohibition of the Levitical uncleanness of the body occurs upon it, it also prohibits the pure meat that was permitted from the outside, it also occurs even on the ritually impure meat, and even though it was continually prohibited, in order to make him liable even because of the Levitical uncleanness of the body. But Rabbi Yossi Haglili does not hold that one prohibition can take a legal hold where another prohibition already exists (i.e., you can punish, or impose sacrificial expiation only for the first one) with a comprehensive prohibition, and the prohibition of ritual defilement of the body does not occur on the prohibition of the ritual defilement of the meat. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yossi Haglili.

והטהור שאכל טמא פטור – from extirpation. But he endures forty [minus one] lashes because of (Leviticus 7:19): “Flesh that touches anything impure shall not be eaten; [it shall be consumed in fire. As for other flesh, only he who is pure may eat such flesh].”

שאינו חייב אלא על טומאת הגוף – as it is written (Leviticus 7:20): “ [But the person who], in a state of impurity, [eats flesh from the LOD’s sacrifice of well-being,] that person shall be cut off from his kin,” This verse is speaking of Levitical uncleanness of the body.

הטמא שאכל כו׳. משום דפליגי ר׳ יוסי הגלילי ורבנן בתרוייהו ודמו הנך תרתי פלוגתא אהדדי, תנינהו גבי הדדי:

רבי יוסי הגלילי אומר וכו׳. כשנטמא הגוף ואחר כך נטמא הבשר כולי עלמא לא פליגי דחייב כרת. כי פליגי, שנטמא הבשר ואחר כך נטמא הגוף, רבנן אית להו איסור כולל, דמתוך שחל עליו איסור טומאת הגוף לאסרו בבשר טהור שהיה מותר בו מתחלה, חל נמי אף על הבשר טמא ואע״פ שהיה אסור ועומד, כדי שיתחייב עליו אף משום טומאת הגוף. ור׳ יוסי הגלילי לית ליה איסור חל על איסור באיסור כולל ואין איסור של טומאת הגוף חל על איסור של טומאת בשר. ואין הלכה כר׳ יוסי הגלילי:

וטהור שאכל טמא פטור. מן הכרת. וסופג את הארבעים משום (ויקרא ז׳:י״ט) והבשר אשר יגע בכל טמא לא יאכל:

שאינו חייב אלא על טומאת הגוף. כדכתיב (שם) וטומאתו עליו ונכרתה, בטומאת הגוף הכתוב מדבר: