Mishnayos Horayos Perek 2 Mishnah 4
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הוריות פרק ב׳ משנה ד׳
The court is not liable to bring a bull as an unwitting communal sin-offering for issuing a ruling with regard to a positive mitzva or a prohibition related to the defiling of the Temple by one being there while ritually impure, or the defiling of its sacrificial foods by one partaking of them while ritually impure. There is a positive mitzva to remove impure people from the Temple, and there is a prohibition against entering the Temple while in a state of ritual impurity. And one does not bring a provisional guilt-offering for a positive mitzva or a prohibition related to the defiling of the Temple or its sacrificial foods. But the court is liable to bring a bull for a positive mitzva or for a prohibition that is related to a menstruating woman, and one brings a provisional guilt-offering for a positive mitzva or for a prohibition that is related to a menstruating woman. What is the positive mitzva that is related to a menstruating woman? Distance yourself from the menstruating woman. If a man engages in intercourse with a woman and she begins menstruating, he is required to separate from her. And what is the prohibition? Do not engage in intercourse with a woman whom you know is a menstruating woman.
אֵין חַיָּבִין עַל עֲשֵׂה וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְאֵין מְבִיאִין אָשָׁם תָּלוּי עַל עֲשֵׂה וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבַּמִּקְדָּשׁ. אֲבָל חַיָּבִין עַל עֲשֵׂה וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבַּנִּדָּה, וּמְבִיאִין אָשָׁם תָּלוּי עַל עֲשֵׂה וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבַּנִּדָּה. אֵיזוֹ הִיא מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁבַּנִּדָּה, פְּרֹשׁ מִן הַנִּדָּה. וּמִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, לֹא תָבֹא אֶל הַנִּדָּה:
Bartenura
אין חייבין על עשה ועל לא תעשה שבמקדש. בית דין שהורו וטעו בטומאת מקדש וקדשיו, אין מחוייבין להביא קרבן צבור:
על עשה שבמקדש. כגון שנטמא במקדש, שמצוה לו לצאת בקצרה, ואם שהה ויצא בארוכה חייב כרת. ובית דין שהורו לו לצאת בארוכה אין חייבין קרבן, לפי שאין על שגגה זו קרבן חטאת, כלומר יחיד שטעה ושגג בזו ויצא בארוכה אינו חייב חטאת קבועה אלא קרבן עולה ויורד:
ולא תעשה שבמקדש. שלא יכנס למקדש בטומאה:
ואין מביאין אשם תלוי וכו׳ שכל דבר שחייבין על שגגתו חטאת קבועה, מביאין על לא הודע שלו אשם תלוי. וטומאת מקדש הואיל ואין חייבין על שגגתו חטאת [קבועה] אין מביאין על לא הודע שלו אשם תלוי:
על עשה שבנדה. היה משמש עם הטהורה ואמרה לו נטמאתי עתה בשעת תשמיש, מצוה עליו לפרוש, ולא יפרוש מיד שהיציאה הנאה היא לו כביאתו, אלא נועץ צפרניו בקרקע וממתין עד שימות האבר ופורש בלא קושי. וזהו עשה שבנדה. ואם שגגו בית דין בהוראה זו והורו שיפרוש מיד, חייבין פר העלם דבר, לפי שהיחיד חייב על שגגתו חטאת:
[The court] is not obligated [to bring a sacrifice] for the transgression of a positive or a negative commandment relating to the Temple – A beit din that issued a ruling and erred regarding impurity in the Temple and of its contents is not obligated to bring a communal offering.
For the transgression of a positive commandment – I.e. one who became impure while in the Temple and who is thus commanded to leave by the shortest route. If he left by a longer route, he is punished with “karet.” The beit din that ruled that he should leave by the longer route is not obligated to bring a sacrifice because on an error regarding this law one does not bring a sin-offering, i.e., an individual who erred in this commandment and left by a longer route needs to bring a sliding scale sacrifice and not a sin-offering.
For the transgression of a negative commandment – That he should not enter the Temple while he is impure.
Nor [does anyone] bring an asham talui, etc. – For every commandment transgressed in error one is obligated to bring a sin-offering and an asham talui must be brought if he is in doubt whether or not he transgressed. Because transgressing in error the commandment regarding impurity in the Temple does not require a sin-offering, if it there is doubt whether he sinned he does not bring an asham talui.
For the transgression of a positive commandment relating to the menstruant – He was having relations with her when she was clean and in the midst of relations she tells him that she has become impure, the commandment is for him to withdraw. But he may not withdraw immediately because withdrawing is just as pleasurable as intercourse. Rather, he should dig his toenails in the ground and wait without moving until he loses his erection and then he should withdraw. And this is the positive commandment for the menstruant. If the beit din ruled erroneously that he should withdraw immediately, it is obligated to bring a bull for an error-in-judgment sacrifice, since the individual is obligated to bring a sin-offering for his error.